Guanidinylamino heterocycle compounds useful as alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists

ABSTRACT

This invention involves compounds having the following structure:  
                 
 
     as described in the Claims; and enantiomers, optical isomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers, tautomers, addition salts, biohydrolyzable amides and esters thereof, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such novel compounds. The invention also relates to the use of such compounds for preventing or treating disorders modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

CROSS REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims priority under Title 35, United States Code 119(e) from Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/031,833, filed Nov. 25, 1996.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This invention relates to certain substituted guanidinylamino heterocycle compounds. The compounds have been found to be alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and are useful for treatment of disorders modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Therapeutic indications of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists have been discussed in the literature: Ruffolo, R. R., A. J. Nichols, J. M. Stadel, & J. P. Hieble, “Pharmacologic and Therapeutic Applications of Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Subtypes”, Annual Review of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Vol. 32 (1993) pp. 243-279.

[0004] Information regarding alpha adrenergic receptors, agonists and antagonists, in general, and regarding compounds related in structure to those of this invention are disclosed in the following references: Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., A. T. Chiu & M. J. M. C. Thoolen, “12.1 α-Adrenergic Receptors”, Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 3, Membranes & Receptors, P. G. Sammes & J. B. Taylor, eds., Pergamon Press (1990), pp. 133-185; Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M. & P. A. van Zwieten, “α-Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists”, Drugs of the Future, Vol. 9, No. 1, (January, 1984), pp. 41-55; Megens, A. A. H. P., J. E. Leysen, F. H. L. Awouters & C. J. E. Niemegeers, “Further Validation of in vivo and in vitro Pharmacological Procedures for Assessing the α₁ and α₂-Selectivity of Test Compounds: (2) α-Adrenoceptor Agonists”, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 129 (1986), pp. 57-64; Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., A. de Jonge, M. J. M. C. Thoolen, B. Wilffert, H. Batink & P. A. van Zwieten, “Quantitative Relationships between α-Adrenergic Activity and Binding Affinity of α-Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists”, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 27 (1984) pp. 495-503; van Meel, J. C. A., A. de Jonge, P. B. M. W. M. Timmermans & P. A. van Zwieten, “Selectivity of Some Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonists for Peripheral Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 Adrenoceptors in the Normotensive Rat”, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 219, No. 3 (1981), pp. 760-767; Chapleo, C. B., J. C. Doxey, P. L. Myers, M. Myers, C. F. C. Smith & M. R. Stillings, “Effect of 1,4-Dioxanyl Substitution on the Adrenergic Activity of Some Standard α-Adrenoreceptor Agents”, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 24 (1989), pp. 619-622; Chapleo, C. B., R. C. M. Butler, D. C. England, P. L. Myers, A. G. Roach, C. F. C. Smith, M. R. Stillings & I. F. Tulloch, “Heteroaromatic Analogues of the α₂-Adrenoreceptor Partial Agonist Clonidine”, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 32 (1989), pp. 1627-1630; Clare, K. A., M. C. Scrutton & N. T. Thompson, “Effects of α₂-Adrenoceptor Agonists and of Related Compounds on Aggregation of, and on Adenylate Cyclase Activity in, Human Platelets”, British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 82 (1984), pp. 467-476; U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,319 issued to Danielewicz, Snarey & Thomas on Jun. 17, 1975; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,528 issued to Gluchowski on Feb. 25, 1992. However, many compounds related in structure to those of this invention do not provide the activity and specificity desirable when treating disorders modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

[0005] For example, many compounds found to be effective nasal decongestants are frequently found to have undesirable side effects, such as causing hypertension and insomnia at systemically effective doses. There is a need for new drugs which provide relief from nasal congestion without causing these undesirable side effects.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[0006] It is an object of the invention to provide compounds and compositions useful in treating disorders modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

[0007] It is an object of this invention to provide novel compounds having substantial activity in preventing or treating nasal congestion, otitis media, and sinusitis, without undesired side effects.

[0008] It is also an object of this invention to provide novel compounds for treating cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or asthma.

[0009] It is also an object of this invention to provide novel compounds for treating diseases and disorders associated with sympathetic nervous system activity, including benign prostatic hypertrophy, cardiovascular disorders comprising myocardial ischemia, cardiac reperfusion injury, angina, cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure and hypertension.

[0010] It is also an object of this invention to provide novel compounds for treating ocular disorders, such as ocular hypertension, glaucoma, hyperemia, conjunctivitis and uveitis.

[0011] It is also an object of this invention to provide novel compounds for treating gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, hyperchlorhydria (hyperacidity) and peptic ulcer (ulcer).

[0012] It is also an object of this invention to provide novel compounds for treating migraine.

[0013] It is also an object of this invention to provide novel compounds for treating pain, substance abuse and/or withdrawal.

[0014] It is a still further object of this invention to provide such compounds which have good activity from peroral, parenteral, intranasal and/or topical dosing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] This invention relates to compounds having the following structure:

[0016] a) R₁ is hydrogen; or alkyl or nil; where R₁ is nil, bond (a) is a double bond;

[0017] b) D is CR₂ where R₂ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl; amino, hydroxy, mercapto; C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; C₁-C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino and halo; or when B is CR₃, D may be N;

[0018] c) B is NR₉, CR₃═CR₈, CR₃═N, CR₃, S, O, SO or SO₂; wherein R₉ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl and wherein R₃ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; hydroxy; thio; nitro; cyano; amino; C₁-C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino and halo;

[0019] d) R₄, R₅ and R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; hydroxy; thio; nitro; cyano; amino; C₁-C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino; halo; and NH—NH—C(═NR₁₀)NHR₁₁ (guanidinylamino); wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ are independently selected from hydrogen; methyl; and ethyl; and wherein one and only one of R₄, R₅ and R₆ is guanidinylamino;

[0020] e) R₇ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; hydroxy; thio; nitro; cyano; amino; C₁-C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino and halo;

[0021] and enantiomers, optical isomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers, tautomers, addition salts, biohydrolyzable amides and esters, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such novel compounds, and the use of such compounds for preventing or treating disorders modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022] As used herein, “alkanyl” means a saturated hydrocarbon substituent, straight or branched chain, unsubstituted or substituted.

[0023] As used herein, “alkenyl” means a hydrocarbon substituent with one double bond, straight or branched chain, unsubstituted or substituted.

[0024] As used herein, “alkylthio” means a substituent having the structure Q—S—, where Q is alkanyl or alkenyl.

[0025] As used herein, “alkoxy” means a substituent having the structure Q—O—, where Q is alkanyl or alkenyl.

[0026] As used herein, “alkylamino” means a substituent having the structure Q—NH—, where 0 is alkanyl or alkenyl.

[0027] As used herein, “dialkylamino” means a substituent having the structure Q₁—N(Q₂)—, where each Q is independently alkanyl or alkenyl.

[0028] “Guanidinylamino” is defined as a radical of structure;

[0029] For purposes of exemplifying this radical, wherever it appears in a chart, it is shown as “GNDNLAM” for brevity.

[0030] “Halo”, “halogen”, or “halide” is a chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo.

[0031] A “pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” is a cationic salt formed at any acidic (e.g., carboxyl) group, or an anionic salt formed at any basic (e.g., amino) group. Many such salts are known in the art, as described in World Patent Publication 87/05297, Johnston et al., published Sep. 11, 1987, incorporated by reference herein. Preferred cationic salts include the alkali metal salts (such as sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal salts (such as magnesium and calcium) and organic salts. Preferred anionic salts include halides, sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphates, and the like. Clearly contemplated in such salts are addition salts that may provide an optical center, where once there was none. For example, a chiral tartrate salt may be prepared from the compounds of the invention, and this definition includes such chiral salts.

[0032] The compounds of the invention are sufficiently basic to form acid-addition salts. The compounds are useful both in the free base form and the form of acid-addition salts, and both forms are within the purview of the invention. The acid-addition salts are in some cases a more convenient form for use. In practice, the use of the salt form inherently amounts to the use of the base form of the active. Acids used to prepare acid-addition salts include preferably those which produce, when combined with the free base, medicinally acceptable salts. These salts have anions that are relatively innocuous to the animal organism, such as a mammal, in medicinal doses of the salts so that the beneficial property inherent in the free base are not vitiated by any side effects ascribable to the acid's anions.

[0033] Examples of appropriate acid-addition salts include, but at not limited to hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodiode, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, nitrate, maleate, citrate, fumarate, formate, stearate, succinate, mallate, malonate, adipate, glutarate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, dodecyl sulfate, cyclohexanesulfamate, and the like. However, other appropriate medicinally acceptable salts within the scope of the invention are those derived from other mineral acids and organic acids. The acid-addition salts of the basic compounds are prepared by several methods. For example the free base can be dissolved in an aqueous alcohol solution containing the appropriate acid and the salt is isolated by evaporation of the solution. Alternatively, they may be prepared by reacting the free base with an acid in an organic solvent so that the salt separates directly. Where separation of the salt is difficult, it can be precipitated with a second organic solvent, or can be obtained by concentration of the solution.

[0034] Although medicinally acceptable salts of the basic compounds are preferred, all acid-addition salts are within the scope of the present invention. All acid-addition salts are useful as sources of the free base form, even if the particular salt per se is desired only as an intermediate product. For example, when the salt is formed only for purposes of purification or identification, or when it is used as an intermediate in preparing a medicinally acceptable salt by ion exchange procedures, these salts are clearly contemplated to be a part of this invention.

[0035] “Biohydrolyzable amide” refers to an amide of the compound of the invention that is readily converted in vivo by a mammal subject to yield an active compound of the invention.

[0036] A “biohydrolyzable ester” refers to an ester of the compound of the invention that is readily converted by a mammal subject to yield an active compound of the invention.

[0037] “Optical isomer”, “stereoisomer”, “enantiomer,” “diastereomer,” as referred to herein have the standard art recognized meanings (Cf., Hawleys Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th Ed.). Of course, an addition salt may provide an optical center, where once there was none. For example, a chiral tartrate salt may be prepared from the compounds of the invention, and this definition includes such chiral salts. It will be apparent to the skilled artisan that disclosure of the racemic mixture alone discloses any enantiomers therein. Thus by one disclosure, more than one compound is taught.

[0038] As used herein “animal” includes “mammals” which includes “humans”.

[0039] The skilled artisan will appreciate that tautomeric forms will exist in certain compounds of the invention. For example, when R₂ is hydroxy and bond (a) is a double bond, it is understood to include the keto form of that molecule, where R₂ is oxo, and bond (a) is a single bond, though not specifically described. Thus, in this description the disclosure of one tautomeric form discloses each and all of the tautomers. Similarly, when tautomer A of the molecule is shown, it is understood to include tautomers B and C of that molecule although not specifically depicted.

[0040] The illustration by scheme of example of specific protected forms and other derivatives of the Formula (I) compounds is not intended to be limiting. The application of other useful protecting groups, salt forms, etc. is within the ability of the skilled artisan.

[0041] As defined above and as used herein, substituent groups may themselves be substituted. Such substitution may be with one or more substituents. Such substituents include those listed in C. Hansch and A. Leo, Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology (1979), incorporated by reference herein. Preferred substituents include (for example) alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, oxo, nitro, amino, aminoalkyl (e.g., aminomethyl, etc.), cyano, halo, carboxy, alkoxyacetyl (e.g., carboethoxy, etc.), thiol, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl (e.g., piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, etc.), imino, thioxo, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, and combinations thereof.

[0042] For the purposes of nomenclature, as shown in the following example, the location of the guanidinylamino radical is denoted:

[0043] It is recognized that where B is CR₃═CR₈, CR₃═N and the like, this numbering is not in strict compliance with IUPAC nomenclature. It is used for illustration of synthetic methods only; examples of compounds have names which more closely resemble IUPAC nomenclature.

[0044] Compounds

[0045] This invention includes compounds having the following structure:

[0046] as described in the Summary of the Invention.

[0047] In the above structure, when the guanidinylamino is at the 6-position, preferably R₇ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted alkanyl or alkenyl having from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; unsubstituted alkylthio or alkoxy having from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; hydroxy; thiol; cyano; and halo. R₄ is preferably hydrogen, cyano, halo or methyl. R₇ is also preferably alkanyl, more preferably methyl or ethyl, most preferably methyl. R₇ which is alkylthio or alkoxy is preferably saturated, also preferably C₁ or C₂, most preferably methylthio or methoxy. R₇ which is halo is preferably chloro or bromo.

[0048] In the above structure, when the guanidinylamino is at the 5-position, preferably R₄ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted alkanyl or alkenyl having 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; unsubstituted alkylthio or alkoxy having from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; hydroxy; thiol; cyano; and halo. R₇ is preferably alkanyl or halo. R₄ and R₇ are most preferably methyl.

[0049] In the above structure, when the guanidinylamino is at the 4-position, preferably R₇ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted alkanyl or alkenyl having from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; hydroxy; thiol; cyano; and halo. R₇ which is alkanyl, is preferably methyl or ethyl, more preferably methyl. R₇ which is halo is preferably chloro or bromo. R₆ is preferably hydrogen; alkanyl; cyano; and halo. R₆ which is alkanyl is preferably methyl or ethyl, most preferably methyl. R₅ is preferably hydrogen; alkanyl; and halo. R₅ which is alkanyl is preferably methyl or ethyl, most preferably methyl.

[0050] Methods of Making the Compounds of the Invention

[0051] The compounds of this invention are synthesized using the following procedures. For purposes of this description, 6-guanidinylamino compounds are shown, but the skilled artisan will appreciate that the 4- and 5-guanidinylamino compounds are prepared similarly. The R₁-R₇ radicals are omitted for clarity, unless they are prepared in that specific scheme. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the radicals omitted are added using techniques known in the art. The skilled artisan will also appreciate that the methods described may be used with blocking groups and the like, as appropriate.

[0052] Guanidinylamino groups are conveniently prepared from nitro and amino compounds via the following example synthetic sequences:

[0053] Preferably these compounds are made from nitro or amino compounds. (Nitro and amino compounds are made by known processes.) The compounds may be manipulated to result in the suitably substituted hydrazinoheterocycle. This hydrazinoheterocycle is then reacted using known methods to produce the guanidinylamino derivative. For example, the hydrazino compound may be reacted with cyanamide (H₂NCN) in acid to provide the guanidinylamino compound. Alternatively, the hydrazino compound may be reacted with a guanidine precursor, such as an alkyl pseudothiourea or protected alkyl pseudothiourea in the presence of a mercuric salt or the like.

[0054] The above starting nitro and amino compounds are obtained via one or more synthetic steps comprising alkylations, halogenations (usually brominations), and halogen displacement reactions. Again, for clarity, the R₁-R₇ radicals are omitted. In the schemes below, a 6-guanidinylamino precursor is described. The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that 4-guanidinylamino and 5-guanidinylamino compounds are prepared by analogous methods. These reaction types are summarized below;

[0055] Alkylation Reaction:

[0056] Fluorination:

[0057] Halogenation, Preferably Bromination:

[0058] Preferably, chlorination is accomplished using Cl₂, and iodination, by ICI using the same reactions.

[0059] Halogen Displacement Reactions:

[0060] It will be apparent to the skilled artisan that the reactions illustrated above are known reactions. Furthermore, it is within the purview of the skilled artisan to vary these reactions to prepare compounds within the scope of the claims.

[0061] In the above schemes, where an R is alkoxy or alkylthio, the corresponding hydroxy or thiol compounds are derived from the final compounds by using a standard dealkylating procedure (Bhatt, et al., “Cleavage of Ethers”, Synthesis, 1983, pp. 249-281).

[0062] The starting materials used in preparing the compounds of the invention are known, made by known methods, or are commercially available as a starting material.

[0063] It is recognized that the skilled artisan in the art of organic chemistry can readily carry out manipulations without further direction, that is, it is well within the scope and practice of the skilled artisan to carry out these manipulations. These include reduction of carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols, oxidations, acylations, aromatic substitutions, both electrophilic and nucleophilic, etherifications, esterifications and saponifications and the like. These manipulations are discussed in standard texts such as March, Advanced Organic Chemistry (Wiley), Carey and Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry (2 vol.) and Trost and Fleming Comprehensive Organic Synthesis (6 vol.). The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that certain reactions are best carried out when other functionality is masked or protected in the molecule, thus avoiding any undesirable side reactions and/or increasing the yield of the reaction. Often the skilled artisan utilizes protecting groups to accomplish such increased yields or to avoid the undesired reactions. These reactions are found in the literature and are also well within the scope of the skilled artisan. Examples of many of these manipulations are found, for example, in T. Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis.

COMPOUND EXAMPLES

[0064] The following non-limiting examples provide details for the synthesis of

[0065] guanidinylamino heterocycles:

Example 1

[0066] [(8-Methylquinolin-7-yl)amino]guanidine

[0067] A. 8-Methyl-7-nitroquinoline.

[0068] To a suspension of 2 g of 2-methyl-3-nitroaniline and 1.02 g of arsenic(V) oxide hydrate are added 2.88 mL of glycerin followed by 1.09 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting black slurry is stirred at about 150° C. for 4 hours. The black oil is cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and poured into a mixture of 25% aqueous ammonium hydroxide in ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with water followed by brine. The aqueous layers are extracted with ethyl acetate; the combined organic layers are dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and rotary evaporated. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes followed by recrystallization from hexanes/methylene chloride to provide 1.45 g of 8-methyl-7-nitroquinoline as a pale brown solid.

[0069] B. 7-Amino-8-methylquinoline.

[0070] To a solution of 1.45 g of 8-methyl-7-nitroquinoline in 20 mL of ethanol are added 1.45 g of ammonium formate and a catalytic amount of 10% palladium-on-carbon. The resulting suspension is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered on Celite, with a methanol wash of the solids, and the filtrate is rotary evaporated. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes followed by recrystallization from hexanes/methylene chloride to provide 1.10 g of 7-amino-8-methylquinoline as a pale yellow solid.

[0071] C. [(8-Methylquinolin-7-yl)amino]guanidine, Dihydrochloric Acid Salt

[0072] To a cold (−5° C.) suspension of 400 mg of 7-amino-8-methylquinoline in 1 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added a cold (−5° C.) solution of 192 mg of sodium nitrite in 1 mL of water. The resulting suspension is stirred at −5° C. for 1 hour, and a solution of 1.05 g of stannous chloride in 5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added at once. A yellow precipitate forms immediately and the reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is filtered to provide 341 mg of hydrazine hydrochloride as a yellow solid.

[0073] To a mixture of the above hydrazine hydrochloride and 273 mg of cyanamide are added 0.5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 0.2 mL of water. The resulting brown oil is stirred at 90° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is cooled to 0° C., and 1 mL of water and 1 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added. A precipitate forms and the mixture is kept in the freezer for 3-4 hours. The reaction mixture is then rotary evaporated and the residue is dissolved in hot methanol and ethyl acetate is added dropwise to the point of cloudiness. The solid that forms is filtered to provide 320 mg of [(8-methylquinolin-7-yl)amino]guanidine, dihydrochloric acid salt as a yellow solid.

Example 2

[0074] [(4-Methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)amino]guanidine

[0075] A. 2,3-Diamino-6-nitrotoluene.

[0076] To a solution of 30 g of 3-methyl-2,4-dinitroaniline in 750 mL of boiling ethanol is added dropwise over 90 minutes a solution of 109.6 g of sodium sulfide nonahydrate in 750 mL of water. At the end of the addition, the mixture is heated to reflux for 30 minutes, then poured into ice (2000 g) and allowed to stand until all the ice has melted. The mixture is then extracted with methylene chloride and the organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate and rotary evaporated. The residue is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with methylene chloride to provide 2,3-diamino-6-nitrotoluene as an orange solid.

[0077] B. 4-Methyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole.

[0078] A mixture of 11.8 g of 2,3-diamino-6-nitrotoluene, 390 mL of 88% formic acid and 38 mL of 12N hydrochloric acid is heated to reflux for 1 hour. The resulting mixture is cooled to room temperature and rotary evaporated. The residue is diluted with 200 mL of water, then basified with ammonium hydroxide (28-30%). The suspension is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The combined extracts are dried over magnesium sulfate and rotary evaporated to provide 4-methyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole as an orange solid.

[0079] C. 1-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole.

[0080] A suspension of 11.2 g of 4-methyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole, 21.58 g of di-tert-butyldicarbonate, 11.7 mL of triethylamine and 100 mg of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in methanol (800 mL) and ethyl acetate (400 mL) is stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture is rotary evaporated and the residue purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The product-containing fractions are combined and rotary evaporated to afford a white solid contaminated with a yellow oil. The solid is dissolved in methylene chloride and enough hexanes is added to cause precipitation. The solid is filtered and washed with 50% methylene chloride/hexanes. The filtrate is rotary evaporated and the process repeated until no more clean white solid is obtained by precipitation. The combined solid fractions are dried in vacuo to afford 1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole as a white solid.

[0081] D. 5-Amino-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methylbenzimidazole.

[0082] To a solution of 8 g of 1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole in 40 mL of methanol and 400 mL of ethyl acetate are added 500 mg of 10% palladium-on-carbon and 7.27 g of ammonium formate. The mixture is stirred at 50° C. for 2 hours, then filtered on Celite, with a methanol wash of the solids. The filtrate is rotary evaporated and the residue partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with saturated ammonium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and rotary evaporated to afford 5-amino-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methylbenzimidazole as an off-white solid.

[0083] E. [(4-Methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)amino]guanidine, Dihydrochloric Acid Salt.

[0084] To a cold (−5° C.) suspension of 500 mg of 1-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-5-amino-4-methylbenzimidazole in 1 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added a cold (−5° C.) solution of 154 mg of sodium nitrite in 0.5 mL of water. The resulting suspension is stirred at −5° C. for 15 minutes, and a solution of 843 mg of stannous chloride in 5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added at once. A white precipitate immediately forms and the reaction mixture is stirred at <0° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is filtered, the residue is dissolved in methanol, and reprecipitated by adding excess ether to provide the hydrazine hydrochloride as a white solid.

[0085] To a mixture of the hydrazine hydrochloride and 340 mg of cyanamide are added 0.5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 0.5 mL of water. The resulting pale yellow paste is stirred at 80° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is cooled to 0° C., and 1 mL of water and 2 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added. A precipitate forms and the mixture is kept in the freezer for 3-4 hours. The reaction mixture is rotary evaporated and the residue is dissolved in hot methanol and ethyl acetate is added dropwise to the point of cloudiness. The solid that forms is filtered to provide 360 mg of [(4-methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)amino]guanidine, dihydrochloric acid salt as an off-white solid.

[0086] Using the methodology outlined and exemplified above, the following compounds are made. In these examples where R₁ is nil, (a) is a double bond guanidinylamino is signified by GNDNLAM;

Example R₁ D B R₄ R₅ R₆ R₇ In the following table, R₁₀ = R₁₁ = hydrogen. 3 nil CH NH Cl H GNDNLAM Me 4 nil CH NH Br H GNDNLAM Me 5 nil CH NH I H GNDNLAM Me 6 nil CH NH F H GNDNLAM Me 7 nil CH NH OMe H GNDNLAM Me 8 nil CH NH Me H GNDNLAM Me 9 nil CH NH CN H GNDNLAM Me 10 nil CH NH Cl H GNDNLAM Et 11 nil CH NH Br H GNDNLAM Et 12 nil CH NH I H GNDNLAM Et 13 nil CH NH F H GNDNLAM Et 14 nil CH NH Me H GNDNLAM Et 15 nil CH NH H H GNDNLAM Et 16 nil CH NH Cl H GNDNLAM Br 17 nil CH NH Br H GNDNLAM Br 18 nil CH NH I H GNDNLAM Br 19 nil CH NH F H GNDNLAM Br 20 nil CH NH OMe H GNDNLAM Br 21 nil CH NH Me H GNDNLAM Br 22 nil CH NH CN H GNDNLAM Br 23 nil CH NH H H GNDNLAM Br 24 nil CH NH Cl H GNDNLAM Cl 25 nil CH NH Br H GNDNLAM Cl 26 nil CH NH I H GNDNLAM Cl 27 nil CH NH F H GNDNLAM Cl 28 nil CH NH OMe H GNDNLAM Cl 29 nil CH NH Me H GNDNLAM Cl 30 nil CH NH CN H GNDNLAM Cl 31 nil CH NH H H GNDNLAM Cl 32 nil CH NH Cl H GNDNLAM OMe 33 nil CH NH Br H GNDNLAM OMe 34 nil CH NH I H GNDNLAM OMe 35 nil CH NH F H GNDNLAM OMe 36 nil CH NH OMe H GNDNLAM OMe 37 nil CH NH Me H GNDNLAM OMe 38 nil CH NH CN H GNDNLAM OMe 39 nil CH NH H H GNDNLAM OMe 40 nil CH NH Cl H GNDNLAM SMe 41 nil CH NH Br H GNDNLAM SMe 42 nil CH NH I H GNDNLAM SMe 43 nil CH NH F H GNDNLAM SMe 44 nil CH NH OMe H GNDNLAM SMe 45 nil CH NH Me H GNDNLAM SMe 46 nil CH NH CN H GNDNLAM SMe 47 nil CH NH H H GNDNLAM SMe 48 nil CH NH H Me GNDNLAM Me 49 nil CH NH H Me GNDNLAM Et 50 nil CH NH H Me GNDNLAM Br 51 nil CH NH H Me GNDNLAM Cl 52 nil CH NH H Me GNDNLAM OMe 53 nil CH NH H Me GNDNLAM SMe 54 nil CH NH H OMe GNDNLAM Me 55 nil CH NH H OMe GNDNLAM Et 56 nil CH NH H OMe GNDNLAM Br 57 nil CH NH H OMe GNDNLAM Cl 58 nil CH NH H OMe GNDNLAM OMe 59 nil CH NH H OMe GNDNLAM SMe 60 nil CH NH H SMe GNDNLAM Me 61 nil CH NH H SMe GNDNLAM Et 62 nil CH NH H SMe GNDNLAM Br 63 nil CH NH H SMe GNDNLAM Cl 64 nil CH NH H SMe GNDNLAM OMe 65 nil CH NH H SMe GNDNLAM SMe 66 nil CH NH H Br GNDNLAM Me 67 nil CH NH H Br GNDNLAM Et 68 nil CH NH H Br GNDNLAM Br 69 nil CH NH H Br GNDNLAM Cl 70 nil CH NH H Br GNDNLAM OMe 71 nil CH NH H Br GNDNLAM SMe 72 nil CH NH H Cl GNDNLAM Me 73 nil CH NH H Cl GNDNLAM Cl 74 nil CH NH Me Me GNDNLAM Me 75 nil CH NH Me Cl GNDNLAM Me 76 nil CH NH Me Br GNDNLAM Me 77 nil CH NH Me I GNDNLAM Me 78 nil CHMe NH H H GNDNLAM Me 79 nil CHMe NH H H GNDNLAM Et 80 nil CHMe NH H H GNDNLAM OMe 81 nil CH NMe H H GNDNLAM Me 82 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM Me 83 nil CH S Me H GNDNLAM Me 84 nil CH S OMe H GNDNLAM Me 85 nil CH S Br H GNDNLAM Me 86 nil CH S Cl H GNDNLAM Me 87 nil CH S F H GNDNLAM Me 88 nil CH S I H GNDNLAM Me 89 nil CH S CN H GNDNLAM Me 90 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM Et 91 nil CH S Me H GNDNLAM Et 92 nil CH S OMe H GNDNLAM Et 93 nil CH S Br H GNDNLAM Et 94 nil CH S Cl H GNDNLAM Et 95 nil CH S F H GNDNLAM Et 96 nil CH S I H GNDNLAM Et 97 nil CH S CN H GNDNLAM Et 98 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM OMe 99 nil CH S Me H GNDNLAM OMe 100 nil CH S OMe H GNDNLAM OMe 101 nil CH S Br H GNDNLAM OMe 102 nil CH S Cl H GNDNLAM OMe 103 nil CH S F H GNDNLAM OMe 104 nil CH S I H GNDNLAM OMe 105 nil CH S CN H GNDNLAM OMe 106 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM SMe 107 nil CH S Me H GNDNLAM SMe 108 nil CH S OMe H GNDNLAM SMe 109 nil CH S Br H GNDNLAM SMe 110 nil CH S Cl H GNDNLAM SMe 111 nil CH S F H GNDNLAM SMe 112 nil CH S I H GNDNLAM SMe 113 nil CH S CN H GNDNLAM SMe 114 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM Br 115 nil CH S Me H GNDNLAM Br 116 nil CH S OMe H GNDNLAM Br 117 nil CH S Br H GNDNLAM Br 118 nil CH S Cl H GNDNLAM Br 119 nil CH S F H GNDNLAM Br 120 nil CH S I H GNDNLAM Br 121 nil CH S CN H GNDNLAM Br 122 nil CH S H Me GNDNLAM H 123 nil CH S H OMe GNDNLAM H 124 nil CH S H Br GNDNLAM H 125 nil CH S H Me GNDNLAM Me 126 nil CH S H OMe GNDNLAM Me 127 nil CH S H Br GNDNLAM Me 128 nil CH S H Me GNDNLAM Et 129 nil CH S H OMe GNDNLAM Et 130 nil CH S H Br GNDNLAM Et 131 nil CH S H Me GNDNLAM Br 132 nil CH S H OMe GNDNLAM Br 133 nil CH S H Br GNDNLAM Br 134 nil CH S H Me GNDNLAM OMe 135 nil CH S H OMe GNDNLAM OMe 136 nil CH S H Br GNDNLAM OMe 137 nil CH S H Me GNDNLAM SMe 138 nil CH S H OMe GNDNLAM SMe 139 nil CH S H Br GNDNLAM SMe 140 H CH═ ═CH H H GNDNLAM Me 141 H CH═ ═C(Br) H H GNDNLAM Me 142 H CH₂ CH₂ H H GNDNLAM Me 143 H N═ ═CH H H GNDNLAM Me 144 H N═ ═CH H H GNDNLAM Et 145 H N═ ═CH H H GNDNLAM Br 146 nil CH O H H GNDNLAM Me 147 nil CH CH═CH Cl H GNDNLAM Me 148 nil CH CH═CH Br H GNDNLAM Me 149 nil CH CH═CH I H GNDNLAM Me 150 nil CH CH═CH F H GNDNLAM Me 151 nil CH CH═CH OMe H GNDNLAM Me 152 nil CH CH═CH Me H GNDNLAM Me 153 nil CH CH═CH CN H GNDNLAM Me 154 nil CH CH═CH Cl H GNDNLAM Et 155 nil CH CH═CH Br H GNDNLAM Et 156 nil CH CH═CH I H GNDNLAM Et 157 nil CH CH═CH F H GNDNLAM Et 158 nil CH CH═CH OMe H GNDNLAM Et 159 nil CH CH═CH Me H GNDNLAM Et 160 nil CH CH═CH CN H GNDNLAM Et 161 nil CH CH═CH H H GNDNLAM Et 162 nil CH CH═CH Cl H GNDNLAM Br 163 nil CH CH═CH Br H GNDNLAM Br 164 nil CH CH═CH I H GNDNLAM Br 165 nil CH CH═CH F H GNDNLAM Br 166 nil CH CH═CH OMe H GNDNLAM Br 167 nil CH CH═CH Me H GNDNLAM Br 168 nil CH CH═CH CN H GNDNLAM Br 169 nil CH CH═CH H H GNDNLAM Br 170 nil CH CH═CH Cl H GNDNLAM Cl 171 nil CH CH═CH Br H GNDNLAM Cl 172 nil CH CH═CH I H GNDNLAM Cl 173 nil CH CH═CH F H GNDNLAM Cl 174 nil CH CH═CH OMe H GNDNLAM Cl 175 nil CH CH═CH Me H GNDNLAM Cl 176 nil CH CH═CH CN H GNDNLAM Cl 177 nil CH CH═CH H H GNDNLAM Cl 178 nil CH CH═CH Cl H GNDNLAM OMe 179 nil CH CH═CH Br H GNDNLAM OMe 180 nil CH CH═CH I H GNDNLAM OMe 181 nil CH CH═CH F H GNDNLAM OMe 182 nil CH CH═CH OMe H GNDNLAM OMe 183 nil CH CH═CH Me H GNDNLAM OMe 184 nil CH CH═CH CN H GNDNLAM OMe 185 nil CH CH═CH H H GNDNLAM OMe 186 nil CH CH═CH Cl H GNDNLAM SMe 187 nil CH CH═CH Br H GNDNLAM SMe 188 nil CH CH═CH I H GNDNLAM SMe 189 nil CH CH═CH F H GNDNLAM SMe 190 nil CH CH═CH OMe H GNDNLAM SMe 191 nil CH CH═CH Me H GNDNLAM SMe 192 nil CH CH═CH CN H GNDNLAM SMe 193 nil CH CH═CH H H GNDNLAM SMe 194 nil CH CH═CH H Me GNDNLAM Me 195 nil CH CH═CH H Me GNDNLAM Et 196 nil CH CH═CH H Me GNDNLAM Br 197 nil CH CH═CH H Me GNDNLAM Cl 198 nil CH CH═CH H Me GNDNLAM OMe 199 nil CH CH═CH H Me GNDNLAM SMe 200 nil CH CH═CH H OMe GNDNLAM Me 201 nil CH CH═CH H OMe GNDNLAM Et 202 nil CH CH═CH H OMe GNDNLAM Br 203 nil CH CH═CH H OMe GNDNLAM Cl 204 nil CH CH═CH H OMe GNDNLAM OMe 205 nil CH CH═CH H OMe GNDNLAM SMe 206 nil CH CH═CH H SMe GNDNLAM Me 207 nil CH CH═CH H SMe GNDNLAM Et 208 nil CH CH═CH H SMe GNDNLAM Br 209 nil CH CH═CH H SMe GNDNLAM Cl 210 nil CH CH═CH H SMe GNDNLAM OMe 211 nil CH CH═CH H SMe GNDNLAM SMe 212 nil CH CH═CH H Br GNDNLAM Me 213 nil CH CH═CH H Br GNDNLAM Et 214 nil CH CH═CH H Br GNDNLAM Br 215 nil CH CH═CH H Br GNDNLAM Cl 216 nil CH CH═CH H Br GNDNLAM OMe 217 nil CH CH═CH H Br GNDNLAM SMe 218 nil CH CH═CH H Cl GNDNLAM Me 219 nil CH CH═CH H Cl GNDNLAM Cl 220 nil CH CH═CH Me Me GNDNLAM Me 221 nil CH CH═CH Me Cl GNDNLAM Me 222 nil CH CH═CH Me Br GNDNLAM Me 223 nil CH CH═CH Me I GNDNLAM Me 224 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM H Cl 225 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM H Br 226 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM H I 227 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM H Me 228 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM H Cl 229 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM H Br 230 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM H I 231 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM H Me 232 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM H Cl 233 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM H Br 234 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM H I 235 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM H Me 236 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM H Cl 237 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM H Br 238 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM H I 239 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM H Me 240 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM H Cl 241 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM H Br 242 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM H I 243 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM H Me 244 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM H Cl 245 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM H Br 246 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM H I 247 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM H Me 248 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM Me H 249 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM Br H 250 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM Cl H 251 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM OMe H 252 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM SMe H 253 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM Me H 254 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM Br H 255 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM Cl H 256 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM OMe H 257 nil CH CH═CH Et GNDNLAM SMe H 258 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM Me H 259 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM Br H 260 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM Cl H 261 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM OMe H 262 nil CH CH═CH Br GNDNLAM SMe H 263 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM Me H 264 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM Br H 265 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM Cl H 266 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM OMe H 267 nil CH CH═CH Cl GNDNLAM SMe H 268 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM Me H 269 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM Br H 270 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM Cl H 271 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM OMe H 272 nil CH CH═CH OMe GNDNLAM SMe H 273 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM Me H 274 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM Br H 275 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM OMe H 276 nil CH CH═CH SMe GNDNLAM SMe H 277 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM Me Me 278 nil CH C(Me)═CH Me GNDNLAM H Me 279 nil CH C(Br)═CH Me GNDNLAM H Me 280 nil CH C(Cl)═CH Me GNDNLAM H Me 281 nil CH C(F)═CH Me GNDNLAM H Me 282 nil CH CH═C(Me) Me GNDNLAM H Me 283 nil CH CH═C(CN) Me GNDNLAM H Me 284 nil CH CH═C(Br) Me GNDNLAM H Me 285 nil CH CH═C(Cl) Me GNDNLAM H Me 286 nil CH CH═C(F) Me GNDNLAM H Me 287 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM H Me 288 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM H Cl 289 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM H Br 290 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM H I 291 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM H OMe 292 nil CH S Cl GNDNLAM H Me 293 nil CH S Cl GNDNLAM H Cl 294 nil CH S Cl GNDNLAM H Br 295 nil CH S Cl GNDNLAM H I 296 nil CH S Cl GNDNLAM H OMe 297 nil CH S Br GNDNLAM H Me 298 nil CH S Br GNDNLAM H Cl 299 nil CH S Br GNDNLAM H Br 300 nil CH S Br GNDNLAM H I 301 nil CH S Br GNDNLAM H OMe 302 nil CH S I GNDNLAM H Me 303 nil CH S I GNDNLAM H Cl 304 nil CH S I GNDNLAM H Br 305 nil CH S I GNDNLAM H I 306 nil CH S I GNDNLAM H OMe 307 nil CH S Et GNDNLAM H Me 308 nil CH S Et GNDNLAM H Cl 309 nil CH S Et GNDNLAM H Br 310 nil CH S Et GNDNLAM H I 311 nil CH S Et GNDNLAM H OMe 312 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM Me H 313 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM Cl H 314 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM Br H 315 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM I H 316 nil CH S Cl GNDNLAM Cl H 317 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM Me Me 318 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM Cl Me 319 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM Br Me 320 nil CH S Me GNDNLAM I Me 321 nil CH S Et GNDNLAM H Me 322 nil CH S Et GNDNLAM H Me 323 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H H H 324 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H H Me 325 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H H Et 326 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H H CN 327 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H H Br 328 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H H Cl 329 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H H I 330 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H Me H 331 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H CN H 332 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H Br H 333 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H Cl H 334 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM H I H 335 H CH═ ═C(Me) GNDNLAM H H H 336 H CH═ ═C(Et) GNDNLAM H H H 337 H CH═ ═C(Br) GNDNLAM H H H 338 H CH═ ═C(Cl) GNDNLAM H H H 339 H CH═ ═C(CN) GNDNLAM H H H 340 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM Me H H 341 H CH═ ═CH GNDNLAM Br H H 342 H CH₂ CH₂ GNDNLAM H H H In the following table, R₁₀ = Me and R₁₁ = H. 343 nil CH NH H H GNDNLAM Me 344 nil CH NH H H GNDNLAM Br 345 nil CH CH═CH H H GNDNLAM Me 346 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM H Me 347 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM Me 348 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM Br In the following table, R₁₀ = Et and R₁₁ = H. 349 nil CH N H H GNDNLAM Me 350 nil CH CH═CH H H GNDNLAM Me 351 nil CH CH═CH Me GNDNLAM H Me 352 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM Me 353 nil CH S H H GNDNLAM Br

[0087] Compositions

[0088] Another aspect of this invention is compositions which comprise a safe and effective amount of a subject compound, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

[0089] As used herein, “safe and effective amount” means an amount of the subject compound sufficient to significantly induce a positive modification in the condition to be treated, but low enough to avoid serious side effects (at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio), within the scope of sound medical judgment. A safe and effective amount of the subject compound will vary with the age and physical condition of the patient being treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy, the particular pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier utilized, and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the attending physician.

[0090] Preparing a dosage form is within the purview of the skilled artisan. Examples are provided for the skilled artisan, but are non-limiting, and it is contemplated that the skilled artisan can prepare variations of the compositions claimed.

[0091] Compositions of this invention preferably comprise from about 0.0001% to about 99% by weight of the subject compound, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 90% of the compound of the invention. Depending upon the route of administration and attendant bioavailability, solubility or dissolution characteristics of the dosage form, the dosage form has preferably from about 10% to about 50%, also preferably from about 5% to about 10%, also preferably from about 1% to about 5%, and also preferably from about 0.01% to about 1% of the subject compound. The frequency of dosing of the subject compound is dependent upon the pharmacokinetic properties of each specific agent (for example, biological half-life) and can be determined by the skilled artisan.

[0092] In addition to the subject compound, the compositions of this invention contain a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier”, as used herein, means one or more compatible solid or liquid filler diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration to a mammal. The term “compatible”, as used herein, means that the components of the composition are capable of being commingled with the subject compound, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical efficacy of the composition under ordinary use situations. Preferably when liquid dose forms are used, the compounds of the invention are soluble in the components of the composition. Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers must, of course, be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration to the mammal being treated.

[0093] Some examples of substances which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers or components thereof are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid lubricants, such as stearic acid and magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; emulsifiers, such as the Tweens®; wetting agents, such sodium lauryl sulfate; coloring agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents, stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; and phosphate buffer solutions. The choice of a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to be used in conjunction with the subject compound is basically determined by the way the compound is to be administered. If the subject compound is to be injected, the preferred pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier is sterile, physiological saline, with a blood-compatible suspending agent, the pH of which has been adjusted to about 7.4.

[0094] If the preferred mode of administering the subject compound is perorally, the preferred unit dosage form is therefore tablets, capsules, lozenges, chewable tablets, and the like. Such unit dosage forms comprise a safe and effective amount of the subject compound, which is preferably from about 0.01 mg to about 350 mg, more preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 35 mg, based on a 70 kg person. The pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier suitable for the preparation of unit dosage forms for peroral administration are well-known in the art. Tablets typically comprise conventional pharmaceutically-compatible adjuvants as inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose; binders such as starch, gelatin and sucrose; disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and croscarmelose; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc. Glidants such as silicon dioxide can be used to improve flow characteristics of the powder mixture. Coloring agents, such as the FD&C dyes, can be added for appearance. Sweeteners and flavoring agents, such as aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, are useful adjuvants for chewable tablets. Capsules typically comprise one or more solid diluents disclosed above. The selection of carrier components depends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelf stability, which are not critical for the purposes of this invention, and can be readily made by a person skilled in the art.

[0095] Peroral compositions also include liquid solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and the like. The pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers suitable for preparation of such compositions are well known in the art. Such liquid oral compositions preferably comprise from about 0.001% to about 5% of the subject compound, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.5%. Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs, emulsions and suspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water. For a suspension, typical suspending agents include methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Avicel® RC-591, tragacanth and sodium alginate; typical wetting agents include lecithin and polysorbate 80; and typical preservatives include methyl paraben and sodium benzoate. Peroral liquid compositions may also contain one or more components such as sweeteners, flavoring agents and colorants disclosed above.

[0096] Other compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of the subject compounds include sublingual and buccal dosage forms. Such compositions typically comprise one or more of soluble filler substances such as sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol; and binders such as acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. Glidants, lubricants, sweeteners, colorants, antioxidants and flavoring agents disclosed above may also be included.

[0097] Compositions can also be used to deliver the compound to the site where activity is desired: intranasal doses for nasal decongestion, inhalants for asthma, and eye drops, gels and creams for ocular disorders.

[0098] Preferred compositions of this invention include solutions or emulsions, preferably aqueous solutions or emulsions comprising a safe and effective amount of a subject compound intended for topical intranasal administration. Such compositions preferably comprise from about 0.001% to about 25% of a subject compound, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 10%. Similar compositions are preferred for systemic delivery of subject compounds by the intranasal route. Compositions intended to deliver the compound systemically by intranasal dosing preferably comprise similar amounts of a subject compound as are determined to be safe and effective by peroral or parenteral administration. Such compositions used for intranasal dosing also typically include safe and effective amounts of preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride and thimerosal and the like; chelating agents, such as edetate sodium and others; buffers such as phosphate, citrate and acetate; tonicity agents such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glycerin, mannitol and others; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, acetylcystine, sodium metabisulfate and others; aromatic agents; viscosity adjustors, such as polymers, including cellulose and derivatives thereof, and polyvinyl alcohol and acids and bases to adjust the pH of these aqueous compositions as needed. The compositions may also comprise local anesthetics or other actives. These compositions can be used as sprays, mists, drops, and the like.

[0099] Other preferred compositions of this invention include aqueous solutions, suspensions, and dry powders comprising a safe and effective amount of a subject compound intended for atomization and inhalation administration. Such compositions preferably comprise from about 0.1% to about 50% of a subject compound, more preferably from about 1% to about 20%; of course, the amount can be altered to fit the circumstance of the patient contemplated and the package. Such compositions are typically contained in a container with attached atomizing means. Such compositions also typically include propellants such as chlorofluorocarbons 12/11 and 12/114, and more environmentally friendly fluorocarbons, or other nontoxic volatiles; solvents such as water, glycerol and ethanol, these include cosolvents as needed to solvate or suspend the active; stabilizers such as ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite; preservatives such as cetylpyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride; tonicity adjustors such as sodium chloride; buffers; and flavoring agents such as sodium saccharin. Such compositions are useful for treating respiratory disorders, such as asthma and the like.

[0100] Other preferred compositions of this invention include aqueous solutions comprising a safe and effective amount of a subject compound intended for topical intraocular administration. Such compositions preferably comprise from about 0.0001% to about 5% of a subject compound, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.5%. Such compositions also typically include one or more of preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate; vehicles, such as poloxamers, modified celluloses, povidone and purified water; tonicity adjustors, such as sodium chloride, mannitol and glycerin; buffers such as acetate, citrate, phosphate and borate; antioxidants such as sodium metabisulfite, butylated hydroxy toluene and acetyl cysteine; acids and bases may be used to adjust the pH of these formulations as needed.

[0101] Other preferred compositions of this invention useful for peroral administration include solids, such as tablets and capsules, and liquids, such as solutions, suspensions and emulsions (preferably in soft gelatin capsules), comprising a safe and effective amount of a subject compound. Such compositions preferably comprise from about 0.01 mg to about 350 mg per dose, more preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 35 mg per dose. Such compositions can be coated by conventional methods, typically with pH or time-dependent coatings, such that the subject compound is released in the gastrointestinal tract at various times to extend the desired action. Such dosage forms typically include, but are not limited to, one or more of cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, ethyl cellulose, Eudragit® coatings, waxes and shellac.

[0102] Any of the compositions of this invention may optionally include other drug actives. Non-limiting examples of drug actives which may be incorporated in these compositions, include:

[0103] Antihistamines, Including;

[0104] Hydroxyzine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 400 mg; Doxylamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 3 to about 75 mg; Pyrilamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 6.25 to about 200 mg; Chlorpheniramine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 1 to about 24 mg; Phenindamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 6.25 to about 150 mg; Dexchlorpheniramine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 0.5 to about 12 mg; Dexbrompheniramine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 0.5 to about 12 mg; Clemastine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 1 to about 9 mg; Diphenhydramine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 6.25 to about 300 mg; Azelastine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 140 to about 1,680 μg (when dosed intranasally); 1 to about 8 mg (when dosed orally); Acrivastine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 1 to about 24 mg; Levocarbastine (which can be dosed as an intranasal or ocular medicament), preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 800 mg; Mequitazine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 5 to about 20 mg; Astemizole, preferably at a dosage range of from about 5 to about 20 mg; Ebastine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 5 to about 20 mg; Loratadine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 5 to about 40 mg; Cetirizine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 5 to about 20 mg; Terfenadine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 30 to about 480 mg; Terfenadine metabolites; Promethazine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 6.25 to about 50 mg; Dimenhydrinate, preferably at a dosage range of from about 12.5 to about 400 mg; Meclizine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 6.25 to about 50 mg; Tripelennamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 6.25 to about 300 mg; Carbinoxamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 0.5 to about 16 mg; Cyproheptadine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 2 to about 20 mg; Azatadine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 0.25 to about 2 mg; Brompheniramine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 1 to about 24 mg; Triprolidine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 0.25 to about 10 mg; Cyclizine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 12.5 to about 200 mg; Thonzylamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 12.5 to about 600 mg; Pheniramine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 3 to about 75 mg; Cyclizine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 12.5 to about 200 mg and others;

[0105] Antitussives, Including;

[0106] Codeine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 2.5 to about 120 mg; Hydrocodone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 2.5 to about 40 mg; Dextromethorphan, preferably at a dosage range of from about 2.5 to about 120 mg; Noscapine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 3 to about 180 mg; Benzonatate, preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 600 mg; Diphenhydramine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 12.5 to about 150 mg; Chlophedianol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 12.5 to about 100 mg; Clobutinol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 20 to about 240 mg; Fominoben, preferably at a dosage range of from about 80 to about 480 mg; Glaucine; Pholcodine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 1 to about 40 mg; Zipeprol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 75 to about 300 mg; Hydromorphone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 0.5 to about 8 mg; Carbetapentane, preferably at a dosage range of from about 15 to about 240 mg; Caramiphen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 10 to about 100 mg; Levopropoxyphene, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 200 mg and others;

[0107] Antiinflammatories, Preferably Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatories, (NSAIDS) Including;

[0108] Ibuprofen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 3,200 mg; Naproxen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 62.5 to about 1,500 mg; Sodium naproxen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 110 to about 1,650 mg; Ketoprofen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 300 mg; Indoprofen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 200 mg; Indomethacin, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 200 mg; Sulindac, preferably at a dosage range of from about 75 to about 400 mg; Diflunisal, preferably at a dosage range of from about 125 to about 1,500 mg; Ketorolac, preferably at a dosage range of from about 10 to about 120 mg; Piroxicam, preferably at a dosage range of from about 10 to about 40 mg; Aspirin, preferably at a dosage range of from about 80 to about 4,000 mg; Meclofenamate, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 400 mg; Benzydamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 200 mg; Carprofen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 75 to about 300 mg; Diclofenac, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 200 mg; Etodolac, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 1,200 mg; Fenbufen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 300 to about 900 mg; Fenoprofen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 3,200 mg; Flurbiprofen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 300 mg; Mefenamic acid, preferably at a dosage range of from about 250 to about 1,500 mg; Nabumetone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 250 to about 2,000 mg; Phenylbutazone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 400 mg; Pirprofen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 800 mg; Tolmetin, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 1,800 mg and others;

[0109] Analgesics, Including

[0110] Acetaminophen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 80 to about 4,000 mg; and others:

[0111] Expectorants/Mucolytics, Including;

[0112] Guaifenesin, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 2,400 mg; N-Acetylcysteine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 600 mg; Ambroxol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 15 to about 120 mg; Bromhexine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 4 to about 64 mg; Terpin hydrate, preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 1,200 mg; Potassium iodide, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 250 mg and others;

[0113] Anticholinergics (e.g. Atropinics), Preferably Intranasally or Orally Administered Anticholinergics, Including;

[0114] Ipratroprium (preferably intranasally), preferably at a dosage range of from about 42 to about 252 μg; Atropine sulfate (preferably oral), preferably at a dosage range of from about 10 to about 1,000 μg; Belladonna (preferably as an extract), preferably at a dosage range of from about 15 to about 45 mg equivalents; Scopolamine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 400 to about 3,200 μg; Scopolamine methobromide, preferably at a dosage range of from about 2.5 to about 20 mg; Homatropine methobromide, preferably at a dosage range of from about 2.5 to about 40 mg; Hyoscyamine (preferably oral), preferably at a dosage range of from about 125 to about 1,000 μg; Isopropramide (preferably oral), preferably at a dosage range of from about 5 to about 20 mg; Orphenadrine (preferably oral), preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 400 mg; Benzalkonium chloride (preferably intranasally) preferably a 0.005 to about 0.1% solution and others;

[0115] Mast Cell Stabilizers, Preferably Intranasally, or Orally Administered Mast Cell Stabilizers, Including:

[0116] Cromalyn, preferably at a dosage range of from about 10 to about 60 mg; Nedocromil, preferably at a dosage range of from about 10 to about 60 mg; Oxatamide, preferably at a dosage range of from about 15 to about 120 mg; Ketotifen, preferably at a dosage range of from about 1 to about 4 mg; Lodoxamide, preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 3,000 μg and others;

[0117] Leukotriene Antagonists, Including Zileuton and Others;

[0118] Methylxanthines, Including;

[0119] Caffeine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 65 to about 600 mg; Theophylline, preferably at a dosage range of from about 25 to about 1,200 mg; Enprofylline; Pentoxifylline, preferably at a dosage range of from about 400 to about 3,600 mg; Aminophylline, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 800 mg; Dyphylline, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 1,600 mg and others;

[0120] Antioxidants or Radical Inhibitors, Including;

[0121] Ascorbic acid, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 10,000 mg; Tocopherol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 2,000 mg; Ethanol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 500 to about 10,000 mg and others;

[0122] Steroids, Preferably Intranasally Administered Steroids, Including:

[0123] Beclomethasone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 84 to about 336 μg; Fluticasone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 400 μg; Budesonide, preferably at a dosage range of from about 64 to about 256 μg; Mometasone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 300 mg; Triamcinolone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 110 to about 440 μg; Dexamethasone, preferably at a dosage range of from about 168 to about 1,008 μg; Flunisolide, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 300 μg; Prednisone (preferably oral), preferably at a dosage range of from about 5 to about 60 mg; Hydrocortisone (preferably oral), preferably at a dosage range of from about 20 to about 300 mg and others;

[0124] Bronchodilators, Preferably for Inhalation, Including;

[0125] Albuterol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 90 to about 1,080 μg; 2 to about 16 mg (if dosed orally); Epinephrine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 220 to about 1,320 μg; Ephedrine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 15 to about 240 mg (if dosed orally); 250 to about 1,000 μg (if dosed intranasally); Metaproterenol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 65 to about 780 μg or 10 to about 80 mg if dosed orally; Terbutaline, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 2,400 μg; 2.5 to about 20 mg (if dosed orally); Isoetharine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 340 to about 1,360 μg; Pirbuterol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 2,400 μg; Bitolterol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 370 to about 2,220 μg; Fenoterol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 100 to about 1,200 μg; 2.5 to about 20 mg (if dosed orally); Rimeterol, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 1,600 μg; Ipratroprium, preferably at a dosage range of from about 18 to about 216 μg (inhalation) and others; and

[0126] Antivirals, Including;

[0127] Amantadine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 200 mg; Rimantadine, preferably at a dosage range of from about 50 to about 200 mg; Enviroxime; Nonoxinols, preferably at a dosage range of from about 2 to about 20 mg (preferably an intranasal form); Acyclovir, preferably at a dosage range of from about 200 to about 2,000 mg (oral); 1 to about 10 mg (preferably an intranasal form); Alpha-interferon, preferably at a dosage range of from about 3 to about 36 MIU; Beta-interferon, preferably at a dosage range of from about 3 to about 36 MIU and others;

[0128] Ocular Drug Actives:

[0129] acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, e.g., echothiophate from about 0.03% to about 0.25% in topical solution and others; and

[0130] Gastrointestinal Actives:

[0131] antidiarrheals, e.g., Ioperamide from about 0.1 mg to about 1.0 mg per dose, and bismuth subsalicylate from about 25 mg to about 300 mg per dose and others.

[0132] Of course, clearly contemplated and included in the description above are the acid or base addition salts, esters, metabolites, stereoisomers and enantiomers of these preferred combination actives, as well as their analogues of these actives that are safe and effective. It is also recognized that an active may be useful for more than one of the above uses, and these uses are clearly contemplated as well. This overlap is recognized in the art and adjusting dosages and the like to fit the indication is well within the purview of the skilled medical practitioner.

[0133] Methods of Use

[0134] Without being bound by theory, it is contemplated that the primary mechanism by which alpha-2 agonists provide efficacy is by intervening in the biological cascade responsible for disorder(s) and/or manifestation(s) thereof. It may be that there is no deficit in alpha-2 adrenoceptor activity: such activity may be normal. However, administration of an alpha-2 agonist may be a useful way of rectifying a disorder, condition or manifestation thereof.

[0135] Thus as used herein, the terms “disease,” “disorder” and “condition” are used interchangeably to refer to maladies related to or modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptor activity.

[0136] As used herein, a disorder described by the terms “modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors,” or “modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptor activity” refers to a disorder, condition or disease where alpha-2 adrenoceptor activity is an effective means of alleviating the disorder or one or more of the biological manifestations of the disease or disorder; or interferes with one or more points in the biological cascade either leading to the disorder or responsible for the underlying disorder; or alleviates one or more symptoms of the disorder. Thus, disorders subject to “modulation” include those for which:

[0137] The lack of alpha-2 activity is a “cause” of the disorder or one or more of the biological manifestations, whether the activity was altered genetically, by infection, by irritation, by internal stimulus or by some other cause;

[0138] The disease or disorder or the observable manifestation or manifestations of the disease or disorder are alleviated by alpha-2 activity. The lack of alpha-2 activity need not be causally related to the disease or disorder or the observable manifestations thereof;

[0139] Alpha-2 activity interferes with part of the biochemical or cellular cascade that results in or relates to the disease or disorder. In this respect, the alpha-2 activity alters the cascade, and thus controls the disease, condition or disorder.

[0140] The compounds of this invention are particularly useful for the treatment of nasal congestion associated with allergies, colds, and other nasal disorders, as well as the sequelae of congestion of the mucous membranes (for example, sinusitis and otitis media). At effective doses, it has been found that undesired side effects can be avoided.

[0141] While not limited to a particular mechanism of action, the subject compounds are believed to provide advantages in the treatment of nasal decongestion over related compounds through their ability to interact with alpha-2 adrenoceptors. The subject compounds have been found to be alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists which cause constriction of peripheral vascular beds in the nasal turbinates.

[0142] Alpha-2 adrenoceptors are distributed both inside and outside of the central nervous system. Thus, though not essential for activity or efficacy, certain disorders preferably are treated with compounds that act on alpha-2 adrenoceptors in only one of these regions. Compounds of this invention vary in their ability to penetrate into the central nervous system and, thus, to produce effects mediated through central alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Thus, for example, a compound which displays a higher degree of central nervous system activity is preferred for central nervous system indications over other compounds as described below. However, even for compounds that exhibit primarily peripheral activity, central nervous system actions can be evoked by an increase in the dose of the compound. Further specificity of action of these compounds can be achieved by delivering the agent to the region where activity is desired (for example, topical administration to the eye, nasal mucosa or respiratory tract).

[0143] Compounds preferred for, but not limited to, the treatment of certain cardiovascular disorders, pain, substance abuse and/or withdrawal, ulcer and hyperacidity include those compounds that are centrally acting. By centrally acting what is meant is that they have some action on the alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the central nervous system in addition to their action at peripheral alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

[0144] Compounds preferred for, but not limited to, the treatment of respiratory disorders, ocular disorders, migraine, certain cardiovascular disorders, and certain other gastrointestinal disorders are peripherally acting. By peripherally acting, what is meant is that these compounds act primarily on alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the periphery, rather than those in the central nervous system. Methods are available in the art to determine which compounds are primarily peripherally acting and which are primarily centrally acting.

[0145] Thus, compounds of the subject invention are also useful for the treatment of ocular disorders such as ocular hypertension, glaucoma, hyperemia, conjunctivitis, and uveitis. The compounds are administered either perorally, or topically as drops, sprays, mists, gels or creams directly to the surface of the mammalian eye.

[0146] The compounds of this invention are also useful for controlling gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, hyperchlorhydria and peptic ulcer.

[0147] The compounds of this invention are also useful for diseases and disorders associated with sympathetic nervous system activity, including hypertension, myocardial ischemia, cardiac reperfusion injury, angina, cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure and benign prostatic hypertrophy. Due to their sympatholytic effect, compounds are also useful as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgical procedures.

[0148] The compounds of this invention are also useful for relieving pain associated with various disorders. The compounds are administered perorally, parenterally, and/or by direct injection into the cerebrospinal fluid.

[0149] The compounds of this invention are also useful for the prophylactic or acute treatment of migraine. The compounds are administered perorally, parenterally or intranasally.

[0150] The compounds of this invention are also useful for treatment of substance abuse, in particular abuse of alcohol and opiates, and alleviating the abstinence syndromes evoked by withdrawal of these substances.

[0151] The compounds of this invention are also useful for other diseases and disorders where vasoconstriction, particularly of veins, would provide a benefit, including septic or cardiogenic shock, elevated intracranial pressure, hemmorhoids, venous insufficiency, varicose veins, and menopausal flushing.

[0152] The compounds of this invention are also useful for neurologic diseases and disorders, including spasticity, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and cognitive disorders.

[0153] The pharmacological activity and selectivity of these compounds can be determined using published test procedures. The alpha-2 selectivity of the compounds is determined by measuring receptor binding affinities and in vitro functional potencies in a variety of tissues known to possess alpha-2 and/or alpha-1 receptors. (See, e.g., The Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors, L. E. Limbird, ed., Humana Press, Clifton, N.J.) The following in vivo assays are typically conducted in rodents or other species. Central nervous system activity is determined by measuring locomotor activity as an index of sedation. (See, e.g., Spyraki, C. & H. Fibiger, “Clonidine-induced Sedation in Rats: Evidence for Mediation by Postsynaptic Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptors”, Journal of Neural Transmission, Vol. 54 (1982), pp. 153-163). Nasal decongestant activity is measured using rhinomanometry as an estimate of nasal airway resistance. (See, e.g., Salem, S. & E. Clemente, “A New Experimental Method for Evaluating Drugs in the Nasal Cavity”, Archives of Otolaryngology, Vol. 96 (1972), pp. 524-529). Antiglaucoma activity is determined by measuring intraocular pressure. (See, e.g., Potter, D., “Adrenergic Pharmacology of Aqueous Human Dynamics”, Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 13 (1981), pp. 133-153). Antidiarrheal activity is determined by measuring the ability of the compounds to inhibit prostaglandin-induced diarrhea. (See, e.g., Thollander, M., P. Hellstrom & T. Svensson, “Suppression of Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhea by Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists”, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 5 (1991), pp. 255-262). Efficacy in treating irritable bowel syndrome is determined by measuring the ability of compounds to reduce the stress-induced increase in fecal output. (See, e.g., Barone, F., J. Deegan, W. Price, P. Fowler, J. Fondacaro & H. Ormsbee III, “Cold-restraint stress increases rat fecal pellet output and colonic transit”, American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 258 (1990), pp. G329-G337). Antiulcer and reduction of hyperchlorhydria efficacy is determined by measuring the reduction in gastric acid secretion produced by these compounds (See, e.g., Tazi-Saad, K., J. Chariot, M. Del Tacca & C. Roze, “Effect of α2-adrenoceptor agonists on gastric pepsin and acid secretion in the rat”, British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 106 (1992), pp. 790-796). Antiasthma activity is determined by measuring the effect of the compound on bronchoconstriction associated with pulmonary challenges such as inhaled antigens. (See, e.g., Chang, J. J. Musser & J. Hand, “Effects of a Novel Leukotriene D₄ Antagonist with 5-Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory Activity, Wy-45,911, on Leukotriene-D₄- and Antigen-induced Bronchoconstriction in Guinea Pig”, International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology, Vol. 86 (1988), pp. 48-54; and Delehunt, J., A. Perruchound, L. Yerger, B. Marchette, J. Stevenson & W. Abraham, “The Role of Slow-Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis in the Late Bronchial Response After Antigen Challenge in Allergic Sheep”, American Reviews of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 130 (1984), pp. 748-754). Activity in cough is determined by measuring the number and latency of the cough response to respiratory challenges such as inhaled citric acid. (See, e.g., Callaway, J. & R. King, “Effects of Inhaled α2-Adrenoceptor and GABA_(B) Receptor Agonists on Citric Acid-induced Cough and Tidal Volume Changes in Guinea Pigs”, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 220 (1992), pp. 187-195). The sympatholytic activity of these compounds is determined by measuring the reduction of plasma catecholamines (See, e.g., R. Urban, B. Szabo & K. Starke “Involvement of peripheral presynaptic inhibition in the reduction of sympathetic tone by moxonidine, rilmenidine and UK 14,304”, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 282 (1995), pp. 29-37) or the reduction in renal sympathetic nerve activity (See, e.g., Feng, Q., S. Carlsson, P. Thoren & T. Hedner, “Effects of clonidine on renal sympathetic nerve activity, natriuresis and diuresis in chronic congestive heart failure rats”, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 261 (1992), pp. 1129-1135), providing the basis for their benefit in heart failure and benign prostatic hypertrophy. The hypotensive effect of these compounds is measure directly as a reduction in mean blood pressure (See, e.g., Timmermans, P. & P. Van Zwieten, “Central and peripheral α-adrenergic effects of some imidazolidines”, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 45 (1977), pp. 229-236). Clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of alpha-2 agonists in the prevention of myocardial ischemia during surgery (See, e.g., Talke, P., J. Li, U. Jain, J. Leung, K. Drasner, M. Hollenberg & D. Mangano, “Effects of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine Infusion in Patients Undergoing Vascular Surgery”, Anesthesiology, Vol. 82 (1995), pp. 620-633) and in the prevention of angina (See, e.g., Wright, R. A., P. Decroly, T. Kharkevitch & M. Oliver, “Exercise Tolerance in Angina is Improved by Mivazerol—an α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist”, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, Vol. 7 (1993), pp. 929-934). The efficacy of these compounds in cardiac reperfusion injury is demonstrated by measuring the reduction of cardiac necrosis and neutrophil infiltration (See, e.g., Weyrich, A., X. Ma, & A. Lefer, “The Role of L-Arginine in Ameliorating Reperfusion Injury After Myocardial Ischemia in the Cat”, Circulation, Vol. 86 (1992), pp. 279-288). The cardiac antiarrhythmic effect of these compounds is demonstrated by measuring the inhibition of ouabain induced arrhythmias (See, e.g., Thomas, G. & P. Stephen, “Effects of Two Imidazolines (ST-91 and ST-93) on the Cardiac Arrhythmias and Lethality Induced by Ouabain in Guinea-Pig”, Asia-Pacific Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 8 (1993), pp.109-113; and Samson, R., J. Cai, E. Shibata, J. Martins & H. Lee, “Electrophysiological effects of α2-adrenergic stimulation in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers”, American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 268 (1995), pp. H2024-H2035). The vasoconstrictor activity of these compounds is demonstrated by measuring the contractile properties on isolated arteries and veins in vitro (See, e.g., Flavahan, N., T. Rimele, J. Cooke & M. Vanhoutte, “Characterization of Postjunctional Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 Adrenoceptors Activated by Exogenous or Nerve-Released Norepinephrine in the Canine Saphenous Vein”, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 230 (1984), pp. 699-705). The effectiveness of these compounds at reducing intracranial pressure is demonstrated by measurement of this property in a canine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (See, e.g., McCormick, J., P. McCormick, J. Zabramski & R. Spetzler, “Intracranial pressure reduction by a central alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist after subarachnoid hemorrhage”, Neurosurgery, Vol. 32 (1993), pp. 974-979). The inhibition of menopausal flushing is demonstrated by measuring the reduction of facial blood flow in the rat (See, e.g., Escott, K., D. Beattie, H. Connor & S. Brain, “The modulation of the increase in rat facial skin blood flow observed after trigeminal ganglion stimulation”, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 284 (1995), pp. 69-76) as demonstrated for alpha-2 adrenergic agonists on cutaneous blood flow in the tail (See, e.g., Redfern, W., M. MacLean, R. Clague & J. McGrath, “The role of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the vasculature of the rat tail”, British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 114 (1995), pp. 1724-1730). The antinociceptive and pain reducing properties of these compounds is demonstrated by measuring the increase in pain threshold in the rodent writhing and hot plate antinociceptive models (See, e.g., Millan, M., K. Bervoets, J. Rivet, R. Widdowson, A. Renouard, S, Le Marouille-Girardon & A. Gobert, “Multiple Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes. II. Evidence for a Role of Rat Alpha-2A Adrenergic Receptors in the Control of Nociception, Motor Behavior and Hippocampal Synthesis of Noradrenaline”, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 270 (1994), pp. 958-972). The antimigraine effect of these compounds is demonstrated by measuring the reduction of dural neurogenic inflammation to trigeminal ganglion stimulation in the rat (See, e.g., Matsubara, T., M. Moskowitz & Z. Huang, “UK-14,304, R(−)-alpha-methyl-histamine and SMS 201-995 block plasma protein leakage within dura mater by prejunctional mechanisms”, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 224 (1992), pp. 145-150). The ability of these compounds to suppress opiate withdrawal is demonstrated by measuring the suppression of enhanced sympathetic nerve activity (See, e.g., Franz, D., D. Hare & K. McCloskey, “Spinal sympathetic neurons: possible sites of opiate-withdrawal suppression by clonidine”, Science, Vol. 215 (1982), pp. 1643-1645). Antiepileptic activity of these compounds is demonstrated by measuring the inhibition of the kindling response (See, e.g., Shouse, M., M. Bier, J. Langer, O. Alcalde, M. Richkind & R. Szymusiak, “The α2-agonist clonidine suppresses seizures, whereas the alpha-2 antagonist idazoxan promotes seizures—a microinfusion study in amygdala-kindled kittens”, Brain Research, Vol. 648 (1994), pp. 352-356). The effectiveness of other alpha-2 agonists in the management of neurologic disorders has been demonstrated, including attention-deficit hyperactive disorder and Tourette's syndrome (See, e.g., Chappell P., M. Riddle, L. Scahill, K. Lynch, R. Schultz, A. Arnsten, J. Leckman & D. Cohen, “Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome: preliminary clinical experience”, Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 34 (1995), pp. 1140-1146), cognitive disorders (See, e.g., Coull, J., “Pharmacological manipulations of the α2-noradrenergic system. Effects on cognition”, Drugs and Aging, Vol. 5 (1994), pp. 116-126), and spasticity (See, e.g., Eyssette, M., F. Rohmer, G. Serratrice, J. Warter & D. Boisson, “Multicenter, double-blind trial of a novel antispastic agent, tizanidine, in spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis”, Current Medical Research & Opinion, Vol. 10 (1988), pp. 699-708).

[0154] Another aspect of this invention involves methods for preventing or treating nasal congestion by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject compound to a mammal experiencing or at risk of experiencing nasal congestion. Such nasal congestion may be associated with human diseases or disorders which include, but are not limited to, seasonal allergic rhinitis, acute upper respiratory viral infections, sinusitis, perennial rhinitis, and vasomotor rhinitis. In addition, other disorders can be generally associated with mucous membrane congestion (for example, otitis media and sinusitis.) Each administration of a dose of the subject compound preferably administers a dose within the range of from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of a compound, more preferably from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg. Peroral administration of such doses is preferred. The frequency of administration of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily. Such doses and frequencies are also preferred for treating other respiratory conditions, such as, cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Such doses and frequencies are also preferred for treating conditions that are associated with mucous membrane congestion (for example, sinusitis and otitis media).

[0155] Another aspect of this invention involves methods for preventing or treating glaucoma by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject compound to a mammal experiencing or at risk of experiencing glaucoma. If administered systemically, each administration of a dose of the subject compound preferably administers a dose within the range of from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of a compound, more preferably from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg. If intraocular dosing is used then preferably one administers a typical volume (for example, 1 or 2 drops) of a liquid composition, comprising from about 0.0001% to about 5% of a subject compound, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.5% of the compound. Determination of the exact dosage and regimen is within the purview of the skilled artisan. Intraocular administration of such doses is preferred. The frequency of administration of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily.

[0156] Another aspect of this invention involves methods for preventing or treating gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and peptic ulcer by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject compound to a mammal experiencing or at risk of experiencing gastrointestinal disorders. Each administration of a dose of the subject compound preferably administers a dose within the range of from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of a compound, more preferably from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg. Peroral administration of such doses is preferred. The frequency of administration of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily.

[0157] Another aspect of this invention involves methods for preventing or treating migraine, by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject compound to a mammal experiencing or at risk of experiencing migraine. Each administration of a dose of the subject compound preferably administers a dose within the range of from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about mg/kg of a compound, more preferably from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg. Peroral, parenteral or intranasal administration of such doses is preferred. The frequency of peroral administration of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily. The frequency of parenteral dosing of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily or by infusion to the desired effect. The frequency of intranasal dosing of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily.

[0158] Another aspect of this invention involves methods for preventing or treating disorders related to sympathetic nervous system activity, such as hypertension, myocardial ischemia, cardiac reperfusion injury, angina, cardiac arrhythmia, and benign prostatic hypertrophy, by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject compound to a mammal experiencing or at risk of experiencing these diseases or disorders. Each administration of a dose of the subject compound preferably administers a dose within the range of from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of a compound, more preferably from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg. Peroral and parenteral administration of such doses are preferred. The frequency of peroral administration of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily. The frequency of parenteral dosing of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily or by infusion to the desired effect.

[0159] Another aspect of this invention involves methods for preventing or treating pain, by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject compound to a mammal experiencing or at risk of experiencing pain. Each administration of a dose of the subject compound preferably administers a dose within the range of from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of a compound, more preferably from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg. Peroral or parenteral administration of such doses is preferred. The frequency of peroral administration of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily. The frequency of parenteral dosing of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily or by infusion to the desired effect.

[0160] Another aspect of this invention involves methods for preventing or treating substance abuse and the abstinence syndrome resulting from withdrawal of these substances, such as alcohol and opiates, by administering a safe and effective amount of a subject compound to a mammal experiencing or at risk of experiencing substance abuse or withdrawal symptoms. Each administration of a dose of the subject compound preferably administers a dose within the range of from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of a compound, more preferably from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg. Peroral administration of such doses is preferred. The frequency of administration of a subject compound according to this invention is preferably from about once to about six times daily, more preferably from about once to about 4 times daily.

COMPOSITION AND METHOD EXAMPLES

[0161] The following non-limiting examples illustrate the compositions and methods of use of this invention.

Example A Oral Tablet Composition

[0162] EXAMPLE A Oral Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 2 20.0 Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 102 ®) 80.0 Dicalcium phosphate 96.0 Pyrogenic silica (Cab-O-Sil ®) 1.0 Magnesium stearate 3.0 Total = 200.0 mg

[0163] One tablet is swallowed by a patient with nasal congestion. The congestion is substantially diminished.

[0164] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example B Chewable Tablet Composition

[0165] EXAMPLE B Chewable Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 1 15.0 Mannitol 255.6 Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 101 ®) 100.8 Dextrinized sucrose (Di-Pac ®) 199.5 Imitation orange flavor 4.2 Sodium saccharin 1.2 Stearic acid 15.0 Magnesium stearate 3.0 FD&C Yellow #6 dye 3.0 Pyrogenic silica (Cab-O-Sil ®) 2.7 Total = 600.0 mg

[0166] One tablet is chewed and swallowed by a patient with nasal congestion. The congestion is substantially reduced.

[0167] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example C Sublingual Tablet Composition

[0168] EXAMPLE C Sublingual Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 2 2.00 Mannitol 2.00 Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 101 ®) 29.00 Mint flavorants 0.25 Sodium saccharin 0.08 Total = 33.33 mg

[0169] One tablet is placed under the tongue of a patient with nasal congestion and allowed to dissolve. The congestion is rapidly and substantially diminished.

[0170] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example D Intranasal Solution Composition

[0171] EXAMPLE D Intranasal Solution Composition Ingredient Composition (% w/v) Subject Compound 1 0.20 Benzalkonium chloride 0.02 Thimerosal 0.002 d-Sorbitol 5.00 Glycine 0.35 Aromatics 0.075 Purified water q.s. Total = 100.00

[0172] One-tenth of a mL of the composition is sprayed from a pump actuator into each nostril of a patient with nasal congestion. The congestion is substantially diminished.

[0173] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example E Intranasal Gel Composition

[0174] EXAMPLE E Intranasal Gel Composition Ingredient Composition (% w/v) Subject Compound 1 0.10 Benzalkonium chloride 0.02 Thimerosal 0.002 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 1.00 (Metolose 65SH4000 ®) Aromatics 0.06 Sodium chloride (0.65%) q.s. Total = 100.00

[0175] One-fifth of a mL of the composition is applied as drops from a dropper into each nostril of a patient with nasal congestion. The congestion is substantially reduced.

[0176] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example F Inhalation Aerosol Composition

[0177] EXAMPLE F Inhalation Aerosol Composition Ingredient Composition (% w/v) Subject Compound 2 5.0 Alcohol 33.0 Ascorbic acid 0.1 Menthol 0.1 Sodium Saccharin 0.2 Propellant (F12, F114) q.s. Total = 100.0

[0178] Two-puffs of the aerosol composition is inhaled from a metered-dose inhaler by a patient with asthma. The asthmatic condition is effectively relieved.

[0179] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example G Topical Ophthalmic Composition

[0180] EXAMPLE G Topical Ophthalmic Composition Ingredient Composition (% w/v) Subject Compound 1 0.10 Benzalkonium chloride 0.01 EDTA 0.05 Hydroxyethylcellulose (Natrosol M ®) 0.50 Sodium metabisulfite 0.10 Sodium chloride (0.9%) q.s. Total = 100.0

[0181] One-tenth of a mL of the composition is administered directly into each eye of a patient with glaucoma. The intraocular pressure is substantially reduced.

[0182] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example H Oral Liquid Composition

[0183] EXAMPLE H Oral Liquid Composition Ingredient Amount/15 mL Dose Subject Compound 2 15 mg Chlorpheniramine maleate 4 mg Propylene glycol 1.8 g Ethanol (95%) 1.5 mL Methanol 12.5 mg Eucalyptus oil 7.55 mg Flavorants 0.05 mL Sucrose 7.65 g Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 7.5 mg Microcrystalline cellulose and 187.5 mg Sodium CMC (Avicel RC 591 ®) Polysorbate 80 3.0 mg Glycerin 300 mg Sorbitol 300 mg FD&C Red #40 dye 3 mg Sodium saccharin 22.5 mg Sodium phosphate monobasic 44 mg Sodium citrate monohydrate 28 mg Purified Water q.s. Total = 15 mL

[0184] One 15 mL dose of the liquid composition is swallowed by a patient with nasal congestion and runny nose due to allergic rhinitis. The congestion and runny nose are effectively reduced.

[0185] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example J Oral Liquid Composition

[0186] EXAMPLE J Oral Liquid Composition Ingredient Amount/15 mL Dose Subject Compound 2 30 mg Sucrose 8.16 g Glycerin 300 mg Sorbitol 300 mg Methylparaben 19.5 mg Propylparaben 4.5 mg Menthol 22.5 mg Eucalyptus oil 7.5 mg Flavorants 0.07 mL FD&C Red #40 dye 3.0 mg Sodium saccharin 30 mg Purified water q.s. Total = 15 mL

[0187] One 15 mL dose of the alcohol-free liquid medication is swallowed by a patient with nasal congestion. The congestion is substantially diminished.

[0188] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example K Oral Tablet Composition

[0189] EXAMPLE K Oral Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 1 4 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 130 Starch 1500, NF 100 Magnesium stearate, USP 2 Total = 236 mg

[0190] One tablet is swallowed by a patient with migraine. The pain and aura of migraine is substantially diminished.

[0191] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example L Oral Tablet Composition

[0192] EXAMPLE L Oral Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 2 12 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, USP 12 Magnesium stearate, USP 2 Lactose anhydrous, USP 200 Total = 226 mg

[0193] For the relief of pain. Adults 12 and over take one tablet every twelve hours.

[0194] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example M Oral Caplet Composition

[0195] EXAMPLE M Oral Caplet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Naproxen sodium anhydrous, USP 220 Subject Compound 1 6 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, USP 6 Magnesium stearate, USP 2 Povidone K-30, USP 10 Talc, USP 12 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 44 Total = 300 mg

[0196] For relief of symptoms associated with the common cold, sinusitis, or flu including nasal congestion, headache, fever, body aches, and pains. Adults 12 and over take two caplets every twelve hours.

[0197] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example N Oral Tablet Composition

[0198] EXAMPLE N Oral Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 2 6 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, USP 6 Silicon dioxide, colloidal, NF 30 Pregelatinized starch, NF 50 Magnesium stearate, USP 4 Total = 96 mg

[0199] For treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Take one tablet per day.

[0200] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example O Oral Tablet Composition

[0201] EXAMPLE O Oral Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per caplet (mg) Subject Compound 1 6 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, USP 6 Magnesium stearate, USP 2 Povidone K-30, USP 10 Talc, USP 12 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 44 Total = 80 mg

[0202] For the use in the treatment of alcoholism or opiate addiction. Adults 12 and over take two caplets every twelve hours.

[0203] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example P Oral Tablet Composition

[0204] EXAMPLE P Oral Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 1 6 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, USP 12 Magnesium stearate, USP 2 Povidone K-30, USP 10 Talc, USP 12 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 44 Total = 86 mg

[0205] For the treatment of ulcer and hyperacidity. Take two tablets as appropriate.

[0206] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example Q Oral Tablet Composition

[0207] EXAMPLE Q Oral Tablet Composition Amount per tablet (mg) Ingredient Amount Component Subject Compound 2 10 mg/ml carrier Carrier: Sodium citrate buffer with (percent by weight of carrier): Lecithin 0.48% Carboxymethylcellulose 0.53 Povidone 0.50 Methyl paraben 0.11 Propyl paraben 0.011

[0208] For the reduction of cardiac reperfusion injury.

[0209] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example R Oral Liquid Composition

[0210] EXAMPLE R Oral Liquid Composition Ingredient Amount/fl oz Dose (mg) Acetaminophen, USP 1000 Doxylamine succinate, USP 12.5 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, USP 30 Subject Compound 2 6 Dow XYS-40010.00 resin 3 High fructose corn syrup 16000 Polyethylene glycol, NF 3000 Propylene glycol, USP 3000 Alcohol, USP 2500 Sodium citrate dihydrate, USP 150 Citric acid, anhydrous, USP 50 Saccharin sodium, USP 20 Flavor 3.5 Purified water, USP 3500 Total = 29275 mg/fl oz

[0211] For the relief of minor aches, pains, headache, muscular aches, sore throat pain, and fever associated with a cold or flu. Relieves nasal congestion, cough due to minor throat and bronchial irritations, runny nose, and sneezing associated with the common cold. Adults 12 and over take one fluid ounce every six hours.

[0212] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example S Oral Liquid Composition

[0213] EXAMPLE S Oral Liquid Composition Ingredient Amount/fl oz Dose (mg) Naproxen sodium anhydrous, USP 220 Doxylamine succinate, USP 12.5 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, USP 30 Subject Compound 1 6 Dow XYS-40010.00 resin 3 High fructose corn syrup 16000 Polyethylene glycol, NF 3000 Propylene glycol, USP 3000 Alcohol, USP 2500 Sodium citrate dihydrate, USP 150 Citric acid, anhydrous, USP 50 Saccharin sodium, USP 20 Flavor 3.5 Purified water, USP 3800 Total = 28795 mg/fl oz

[0214] For the relief of minor aches, pains, headache, muscular aches, sore throat pain, and fever associated with a cold or flu. Relieves nasal congestion, cough due to minor throat and bronchial irritations, runny nose, and sneezing associated with the common cold. Adults 12 and over take one fluid ounce every six hours.

[0215] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Composition Example T

[0216] A composition for parenteral administration, according to this invention, is made comprising: Component Amount Subject Compound I 10 mg/ml carrier Carrier: Sodium citrate buffer with (percent by weight of carrier): Lecithin 0.48% Carboxymethylcellulose 0.53 Povidone 0.50 Methyl paraben 0.11 Propyl paraben 0.011

[0217] The above ingredients are mixed, forming a solution. Approximately 2.0 ml of the solution is administered, intravenously, to a human subject suffering from septic or cardiogenic shock. The symptoms subside.

[0218] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example U Oral Tablet Composition

[0219] EXAMPLE U Oral Tablet Composition Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 2 10 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, USP 12 Magnesium stearate, USP 2 Povidone K-30, USP 10 Talc, USP 12 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 44 Total = 90 mg

[0220] For the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia. Take as prescribed.

[0221] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

Example V Oral Tablet Composition

[0222] Ingredient Amount per tablet (mg) Subject Compound 1  4 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 130 Starch 1500, NF 100 Magnesium stearate, USP  2 Total = 236 mg

[0223] For the treatment of congestive heart failure. Take as prescribed.

[0224] Other compounds having a structure according to Formula I are used with substantially similar results.

[0225] Modification of the preceding embodiments is within the scope of the skilled artisan in formulation, given the guidance of the specification in light of the state of the art.

[0226] Other examples of combination actives are contemplated. Examples of medicaments which can be combined with the primary active are included in U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,899 to Sunshine, et al., hereby incorporated by reference. All other references referred to throughout this specification are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0227] While particular embodiments of this invention have been described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications of this invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended to cover, in the appended claims, all such modifications that are within the scope of this invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula;

wherein; a) R₁ is hydrogen; or alkyl or nil; where R₁ is nil, bond (a) is a double bond; b) D is CR₂ where R₂ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl; amino, hydroxy, mercapto; C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; C₁-C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino and halo; or when B is CR₃, D may be N; c) B is NR₉, CR₃═CR₈, CR₃═N, CR₃, S, O, SO or SO₂; wherein R₉ is selected from hydrogen; and unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl; and wherein R₃ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; hydroxy; thio; nitro; cyano; amino; C₁ -C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino and halo; d) R₄, R₅ and R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; hydroxy; thio; nitro; cyano; amino; C₁-C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino; halo; and NH—NH—C(═NR₁₀)NHR₁₁ (guanidinylamino); wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ are independently selected from hydrogen; methyl; and ethyl; and wherein one and only one of R₄, R₅ and R₆ is guanidinylamino; e) R₇ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; cycloalkanyl, cycloalkenyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; hydroxy; thio; nitro; cyano; amino; C₁-C₃ alkylamino or C₁-C₃ dialkylamino and halo; and enantiomers, optical isomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers, tautomers, addition salts, biohydrolyzable amides and esters, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such novel compounds, and the use of such compounds for preventing or treating disorders modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₆ is guanidinylamino and R₁₁ is hydrogen.
 3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein B is CR₃═CR₈, R₁ is nil and D is CR₂.
 4. A compound according to claim 3 wherein: R₂, R₃, and R₈ are hydrogen. R₄ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, bromo and cyano; R₅ is hydrogen; R₇ is selected from methyl, chloro, and bromo; and R₁₀ is selected from hydrogen, and methyl.
 5. A compound according to claim 2 wherein B is NR₉ and D is CR₂.
 6. A compound according to claim 5 wherein R₂, R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently chosen from hydrogen and methyl; R₄ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, bromo and cyano; R₅ is hydrogen; and R₇ is selected from methyl, chloro, and bromo.
 7. A compound according to claim 2 wherein B is S and D is CR₂, and R₁ is nil.
 8. A compound according to claim 7 wherein R₂ and R₁₀ are each independently chosen from hydrogen and methyl; R₄ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, bromo and cyano; R₅ is hydrogen; and R₇ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, chloro, and bromo.
 9. The compound according to claim 2, wherein: R₄ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; hydroxy; thio; nitro; cyano; amino; and C₁-C₂ alkylamino or C₁-C₂ dialkylamino and halo; R₅ is hydrogen; and R₇ is selected from hydrogen; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkylthio or alkoxy; and C₁-C₂ alkylamino or C₁-C₂ dialkylamino; and halo.
 10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R₅ is guanidinylamino and R₁₁ is hydrogen.
 11. A compound according to claim 10 wherein B is CR₃═CR₈, R₁ is nil and D is CR₂.
 12. A compound according to claim 11 wherein: R₂ is hydrogen; R₃ is selected from methyl, bromo, fluoro or hydrogen; R₄ is selected from methyl, chloro and bromo; R₇ is selected from methyl, chloro, bromo, cyano, and methoxy; R₈ is selected from methyl, bromo, chloro, fluoro, cyano, methoxy or hydrogen; and R₁₀ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.
 13. A compound according to claim 10 wherein B is S and D is CR₂ and R₁ is nil.
 14. A compound according to claim 13 wherein R₂ and R₁₀ are each independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; R₄ is selected from methyl, chloro, and bromo; R₆ is hydrogen; and R₇ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, bromo and cyano.
 15. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R₄ is guanidinylamino and R₁₁ is hydrogen. 16 The compound of claim 15 wherein B is chosen from NR₉, CR₃═CR₈ and S.
 17. The compound according to claim 16, wherein: R₅, R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen; methyl; ethyl; methoxy; methylthio; hydroxy; thio; cyano; amino and halo; and R₂ is hydrogen.
 18. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is: [(8-Methylquinolin-7-yl)amino]guanidine; or [(4-Methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)amino]guanidine.
 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a safe and effective amount of a compound of any of claims 1, 2, 10, 15 or 18; and (b) a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and one or more actives chosen from the group consisting of an antihistamine, antitussive, mast cell stabilizer, leukotriene antagonist, expectorant/mucolytic, antioxidant or radical inhibitor, steroid, bronchodilator, antiviral, analgesic, antiinflammatory, gastrointestinal and ocular active.
 21. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19 further comprising an antihistamine.
 22. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 19 further comprising an antiinflammatory.
 23. A method for preventing or treating a disorder modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors, by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist compound according to claim
 1. 24. A method for preventing or treating a disorder modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors, wherein the disorder is chosen from the groups comprising, nasal congestion, otitis media, sinusitis, asthma, pain, migraine, substance abuse and addiction, gastrointestinal disorder, ulcer, stomach hyperacidity, benign prostatic hypertrophy, by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist compound according to claim
 1. 25. A method of treating or preventing nasal congestion by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a safe and effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 26. A method of treating or preventing nasal congestion by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a safe and effective amount of a compound according to claim
 18. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the disorder is otitis media.
 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the disorder is sinusitis.
 29. A method for preventing or treating a respiratory disorder, wherein the disorder is chosen from the group comprising cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 30. A method for preventing or treating a respiratory disorder according to claim 29, wherein the disorder is asthma.
 31. A method for preventing or treating disorders mediated by sympathetic activity and modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist compound according to claim
 1. 32. A method of treating a disorder according to claim 31, wherein the disorder is chosen from the group comprising benign prostatic hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia, cardiac reperfusion injury, angina, cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure and hypertension. 33 The method of claim 32, wherein the disorder is heart failure.
 34. A method for preventing or treating an ocular disorder modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors, by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 35. A method for preventing or treating an ocular disorder according to claim 34 wherein the disorder is chosen from the group comprising ocular hypertension, glaucoma, hyperemia, conjunctivitis, and uveitis and glaucoma.
 36. A method for preventing or treating an ocular hypertensive disorder according to claim 35 wherein the disorder is glaucoma.
 37. A method for preventing or treating a gastrointestinal disorder modulated by alpha-2 adrenoceptors by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist compound according to claim
 1. 38. A method for preventing or treating a gastrointestinal disorder, according to claim 37, wherein the disorder is chosen from the group comprising diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome.
 39. A method for preventing or treating a gastrointestinal disorder, according to claim 38, wherein the disorder is diarrhea.
 40. A method for preventing or treating migraine by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 41. A method for preventing or treating pain by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 42. A method for treating substance abuse by administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, a safe and effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 